Your reality is the mirror of your thoughts free essay sample

Our existence is an impression of our internal pith. Be that as it may, we some of the time would prefer not to understand this and we reprimand the individuals who cause bother and dissatisfaction. It is important to see every single such issue that we can't completely change ourselves without evolving ourselves. Keep in mind, you can't admonish a mirror on the off chance that we don't care for the appearance in it. You simply need to change yourself so the reflection changes and gives you how lovely and stunning you are. In spite of the fact that this isn't simple, our squares and constraints forestall us, as long as we battle them and would prefer not to take them, our best tips in life.When something irritates us, we would prefer not to acknowledge it or we need to change the world with the goal that it coordinates our convictions. Yet, this is incomprehensible and it isn't in our capacity to alter the entire world for ourselves, we can just acknowledge it with appreciation since all individuals and the world reserve the option to be what they are. We will compose a custom article test on Your world is the reflection of your musings or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Also, we also have the full option to act naturally, not acclimating to somebody elses feeling. Numerous ladies and young ladies experience the ill effects of the way that the appearance isn't the equivalent and the work isn't what your family members and encompassing individuals anticipate. We construct our own inward obstructions and square our quintessence from progress and satisfaction, and above all from love.If you choose to begin a business and inside you accept that it is an ineffective beginning, it won’t succeed. On the off chance that you keep rehashing similar contemplations in your psyche, at that point certainly you won’t succeed in light of the fact that you won’t even make a decent attempt to accomplish it. It is critical to keep yourself positive in light of the fact that no one but it can take you to the success.To change the reflection, you have to change what is mirrored your cognizance. 1-If you need your children to regard you and be certain then first regard yourself and be confident.2-If you need cash raise at working environment at that point disclose to yourself that you are a genuine expert and accomplish your work well indeed and you merit a raise.3-If your better half isn't giving a lot of consideration to you then don’t imagine that ‘all men change over time’ or ‘I am bad enough for him’ or some other negative contemplations. It won’t improve your connection, the circumstance will get worse.4-Believe in yourself is simply the most significant thing, on the off chance that you question yourself and your musings, at that point how might you accomplish any of your goals.There is a well known saying ‘be the change you need to find in the world.’ Keep yourself positive and examine yourself. Keep your encompassing with constructive individuals since vitality pulls in vitality.

Word Choice Reluctant vs. Reticent

Word Choice Reluctant versus Hesitant Word Choice: Reluctant versus Hesitant â€Å"Reluctant† and â€Å"reticent† are the two descriptors that mean â€Å"unwilling.† They likewise appear to be comparable recorded, so it’s no big surprise individuals utilize these terms reciprocally. Yet, there is a distinction among â€Å"reluctant† and â€Å"reticent,† so look at our manual for ensure you can utilize them accurately. Hesitant (Unwilling or Slow to Do Something) To be â€Å"reluctant† is to be reluctant or reluctant to accomplish something. For instance: I was hesitant to leave before the firecrackers. You can utilize this term in any circumstance where somebody is impervious to something, so it has a wide scope of potential employments. This adaptability is reflected in the sources of this term, which originates from a Latin word meaning â€Å"struggle.† As such, in the event that we are attempting to force ourselves to do anything, we can say we feel â€Å"reluctant† about it. Hesitant (Unwilling to Speak) While â€Å"reticent† additionally suggests being reluctant or reluctant about something, it applies explicitly to talking or uncovering our contemplations and sentiments: Tom was hesitant concerning why he left the gathering. Here, we’re not saying that Tom was â€Å"reluctant† to leave a gathering. We’re saying he was reluctant to reveal to us why he left the gathering. We can likewise utilize â€Å"reticent† to portray someone’s character all in all: Hannah has been hesitant for whatever length of time that I’ve known her. Indeed, even for this situation, however, the word â€Å"reticent† proposes that Hannah is calm and saved specifically. It doesn't mean she is â€Å"unwilling† in different manners. What's more, we would not utilize hesitant to depict an individual attribute this way. Once more, taking a gander at the inceptions of this word can assist us with seeing how it is utilized in present day English: â€Å"reticent† originates from reticere, which implies â€Å"silent† in Latin. Accordingly, on the off chance that we are â€Å"reticent,† we are hushing up about something. Hesitant or Reticent? Albeit some currently use â€Å"reticent† to mean â€Å"unwilling† in any specific situation, it would be a misstep to do this in formal composition. So to evade mistakes, recall that â€Å"reticent† has a more explicit importance than â€Å"reluctant†: To be hesitant is to be reluctant to accomplish something. To be hesitant is to be reluctant to talk or uncover your considerations. In the event that you can recollect this qualification, you ought to have the option to utilize these terms effectively. However, on the off chance that you need to be extra certain that your composing is without mistake, you can likewise present a report to our remarkable editing administration.

An Experiment in Independence

An Experiment in Independence Signing in from sunny foggy and snowy and icy and rainy Greenbelt, Maryland, down the road from Goddard Space Flight Center, where Ill be interning for the next four weeks during Independent Activities Period (IAP) before second semester start in February. And Im alone. No classmates down the hall. No classmates down the stairs. No classmates anywhere nearby, really. Possibly more importantly, no meal plans or dining halls in sight. (side note: my condolences to all those left high and dry when the IAP meal plan program back on campus got canceled. We share the same struggles. Let us commiserate. Maybe youll find this shopping list below useful?) first sunrise in Baltimore, Saturday morning, from an airplane. Last Friday, my older brother (MIT 11) and I took off from San Francisco after being patted down by a very kind TSA agent while one of his coworkers cracked snide comments (something something MIT something not Caltech). We landed in Baltimore close to 7 AM Saturday morning, after a redeye flight that was miraculously not canceled due to inclement weather. After orienting ourselves and collecting my luggage, we hopped on a shuttle to a Zipcar station where we were greeted by the Volkswagen Golf my brother had reserved, as well as the cute fluffy snow-and-ice hat that it had recently acquired and was proudly wearing on its windshield. Unfortunately the snow had to go if the car was to be at all usable, so when we finally figured out how to open the trunk to look for the ice scraper Zipcar should have left us (opening the trunk on a Volkswagen Golf is, surprisingly enough, a nontrivial challenge in itself), we looked eagerly into the trunks corners and pockets to findnothing. Uh. Fortunately when I called Zipcar the nice lady at the other end worked some magic and unlocked one of the other Zipcars so we could steal their ice scraper instead. This California boy and his brother then spent their first half-hour in Maryland hacking, scraping, and waging war on the ice and snow until the car was in an operable state. These are problems we never have to deal with in California. We spent the rest of the day carting ourselves all over Maryland in our hard-earned car to go grocery shopping. I wasnt exactly planning on eating out every single day, which would be both expensive and unhealthy. We decided to get the bare necessities for lunch sandwiches (lettuce, bread, and deli meat), plus hella frozen goods for easy dinners, as well as some assorted snacks for, well, snacking. Heres the final grocery list, commented: TRADER JOES: Lunch Stuff: Organic Multigrain Bread (2x) Soft Organic Multigrain Bread (2x) [dont ask me what the difference between these two breads isIm not exactly sure] Applegate Sliced Roast Beef [mmmm roast beef] Applegate Sliced Turkey [in case I get tired of roast beef] Organic Romaine Hearts [delicious both in sandwiches as well as raw. Those who know me well are aware I love rabbit food.] Frozen Dinnerable Things: Entree Chicken Drumellas (Nuggets) [I grew up on these and know for sure that they are delicious.] Meat Turkey Corn Dogs [my brother swears by these. Im more skeptical.] Rice Medley [rice, rice, baby] Chicken Fried Rice Stir Fry [Im a bit of a fried rice snob but well see how this goes] Chicken Orange Mandarin w/ sauce (2x) [my mom made these at home all the time and they are fairly scrumptious.] Organic 3 Cheese Pizza [my mom also made this at home all the time, and it is also fairly scrumptious] Snacks For Snacking: Snack Corn Chip Dippers Organic [THESE ARE MY FAVORITE CHIPS EVER] Beef Jerky Organic [this is pricy but makes for an amazing snack and also makes you feel manlier] Other: Milk Half Gallon Organic Whole (2x) [I need milk to survive, and none of that skim/nonfat white water nonsense.] R-Veg Combo Broccoli/Cauliflower R-Veg Medley Broccoli/Carrot Cauliflower (4x) [gotta have your veggies! bonus points if they actually last more than two weeks frozen] R-Cucumbers Persian [these are also good for veggie-nutrition-getting] Bananas Organic [bananas are the most convenient fruit ever] Navel Oranges [seedless oranges might be the second most convenient fruit ever] Total: $136.61 [not bad for all those noms.] WHOLE FOODS MARKET: 365 Salt Pepper [in case I decide to go totally wild and add extra flavoring to some of those frozen dinners] Horizon Low Fat 1% Milk (30 boxes) [good for packing with lunches. I grew up drinking one of these every day.] Total: $49.54 [okay seriously though, why is individually packaged milk priced at $1.50/box? oh rightWhole Foods.] SAFEWAY: Ziploc Bags [gotta have something to carry those sandwiches in] Food Wrap [and something to cover leftovers with] SFY Facial Tissue [hey, those little tissue packages are super useful] Dawn Original Scent [dish soap for doing dishes] Scotch Brite Sponges (6x) [sponges for doing dishes] Total: $16.38 (with Safeway membership card)  [sounds about right for assorted goods] GRAND TOTAL: $202.53, or ~$7.23/day Ill keep yall posted as to how I do this month about staying fed. Maybe I have too much food. Maybe Ill have too little and starve to death (although with the amount of delicious home-baked goods my mom insisted I bring along, that seems unlikely). I dont know. Its an adventure! Exciting! In any case, the eating is much cheaper than the MIT meal plan, so if this month goes well Ill have more confidence about the possibilty of moving into another dorm and going without a meal plan next year. Evening came, and morning followedthe first day. Sunday (today) was a little less interesting. I went downtown to Washington D.C. with my brother on the metro, and upon arrival at the National Mall, the conversation went something like this: Brother: So thats the Washington Memorial. Thats the Capitol Building. These are like office buildings. Those are Smithsonian buildings. Me: coool. Brother: So where do you wanna go? We only have one or two hours, tops. Me: Brother: We could do touristy stuff and go see things or we could go to the Air and Space Museum. Me: Me: lets go to the Air and Space Museum. and we spent the entire morning there. Course 16 at heart. I almost cried in front of the original Wright Flyer. guys that is THE original Wright Flyer from the 1903 Kitty Hawk flights *screams* Oh, and I got pictures of some other cool things in the neighborhood on the way: So thats the weekend. After my brother left, I told myself to make a sandwich and I made my first sandwich. It is my very own sandwich and I will eat it with pride tomorrow at my first day of work at Goddard Space Flight Center. I dont know much about what Ill be doing yet but its sure to be very scientific and engineersome and Im going to learn tons. Ill keep you posted. ~Allan

psy Article Obey at Any Cost Essay - 925 Words

Research Experience Paper Psychology 101 Arielle Mason Professor C Maile October 15, 2013 Article: Obey at Any Cost? Many times we are given commands or orders from a higher authority or power some of which we do not agree with or follow. This is because we use our moral values and human emotions to determine whether they were right or wrong. But there is a time where we may judge and not agree while others may not pass a judgment and be in agreement. In the study of Psychology we look to a researchers finding to prove the way we respond to emotional, environmental and societal changes. Stanley Milgram a researcher that set out on the behalf of Yale University conducted a study to determine how obedient†¦show more content†¦Neither were they told the true meaning to the experiment. They were informed that they were taking part in a study to reveal if there is any retaining of learning with punishment involved. They were instructed to choose from a draw from a hat on what role they would play in the study. This left them only a choice a role as the learner. They were taken to another area in the lab to execute the exercise. They were then strapped to a chair connected to the high voltage machine. The instructor gave them a list of words to remember as they were spoken from a different room. Afterwards they were instructed to recite the words that were paired together with no relation to each other. The pain was delivered with increasing the voltage if the word pairs were not recited correctly. As the pain increase they ask to stop. This was a sign that they could not respond obediently to the pain and their tolerance was getting weaker. But the teacher explained that they must continue causing a small percentage of accuracy but no greater change. The most obedient took the most voltage in shock and those who quit early were deemed the least obedient. The highest shock level was at three hundred and seventy-five volts and least of three hundred volts. The most obedient remained calm as the levels increase while the least obedient showed ange r and discomfort despite being instructedShow MoreRelatedA Comprehensive Study on the Problems and Prospects of Hrm Profession in Bangladesh3101 Words   |  13 Pages The First objective of preparing this report was to fulfill the course requirement. The other objective was to identify the problems and prospects of Human Resource professions. 2. Limitations During preparing this report there were time, cost and resource limitation. So, we can not perform the research for the term paper precisely. 1. Methodology The information of this study is basically collected from primary data where we tried our best to find out â€Å"The Challenges of Human ResourceRead MoreSocial Psychology: Bringing It All Together Essay3853 Words   |  16 PagesSocial Psychology: Bringing It All Together PSY 301 Sarah Koerner-Jordan October 22, 2012 Franchelle Guy Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together Social psychology is the scientific study of human thoughts, feelings, and behavior as they relate to and are influenced by others (Feenstra, 2011). It is a broad field that covers a variety of topics. Social psychologists study a variety of topics, including views of the self, persuasion, attraction, and group processes. Researchers

Religion And The Islamic State Of Iraq And Syria - 1729 Words

In recent events in our society, terrorism has been relevant and obvious in everyday life. It floods through the media, splashing headlines, and is a common topic being debated. There is much debate on whether religion is the cause of the wars we are fighting in this modern day. The most current terrorist group today is ISIS or The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. They are oppressing and destroying their fellow Syrian’s and Iraqi’s and they are spreading alarm and panic across the world with their violence and destruction. ISIS is a Muslim society, which paints a negative picture on the religion, but they are extremists. ISIS does not speak for the Muslim society and people; in fact most Muslims detest them. In these circumstances it is important to not get lost in the big picture, but realize that groups like these are radical and not a fair representation of these religions. Extremism, politics, and interpretation are the face of wars; Religion does not cause war, peo ple do. First, it is very important to understand who these extremist groups are and what they stand for; ISIS is a prime and relevant example. It would take a lot of time to try to explain who they are exactly, but in short they are a Muslim militant group who is constantly reaching for more power. Some say that their goal is to start World War three, trying to invoke fear into the hearts of the people around the world. â€Å"The primary purpose of Zarqawi’s organization was to remove the foreign occupation ofShow MoreRelatedReligion And The Islamic State Of Iraq And Syria1643 Words   |  7 PagesReligion is a defining characteristic of most of the world with only 16% of the world having no religious affiliation (Pew Research, 2015). A number of celebrations and holidays come from religion, and are often the reasons a lot of people take off certain days of the years. For example, schools or work offices are sometimes almost or completely shut down for holidays like the Go od Friday preceding Easter Sunday or Christmas. Religion is universal and is engrained into most cultures throughout theRead MoreIslamic Violence And The Islamic State898 Words   |  4 Pages Islamic State Imagine waking up one morning, walking out of your house, and seeing men with rifles walking up and down the streets of your neighborhood. The armed men directing traffic, checking businesses, telling the women how to dress. It would not be a pleasant morning would it? This is what Syria and Iraq have been experiencing with the Islamic sate taking over the two countries. The armed men telling people what to do, inspecting everything, and controlling all the movement is the least ofRead MoreThe Islamic State And Terrorism985 Words   |  4 Pagesis what Syria and Iraq have been experiencing with the Islamic State taking over the two countries. The armed men telling people what to do, inspecting everything, and controlling all the movement is the least of Syria and Iraq’s problems. The Islamic state has committed various acts of violence in both countries. The Islamic State has to be put to a stop if not by the countries surrounding it, than by the United States before it cau ses more destruction in other places. â€Å"The Islamic state is a transnationalRead MoreThe Islamic State : An Accident Of History1579 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The Islamic State is an accident of history, emerging from multiple political, economic, and social tensions in the Middle East. It has challenged the territorial divisions forced in the region following the fall of the Ottoman Empire by shaping out for itself a large area of territory. But ultimately, its consequence will flow as much from its challenge to settled concepts of government, national sovereignty, and national identity. The Islamic State is most well-known for the violenceRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Al Sham1620 Words   |  7 Pagesknow how dangerous these people are becoming. The Islamic State of Iraq and al Sham also known as ISIS, an Al Qaeda affiliation is not only alive but spreading and spreading fast. The group started out in Iraq as the world known Al Qaeda before rebranding themselves. Though both jihadi groups strived to establish an independent Islamic state in the region of Iraq , ISIS believes in a much more brutal regimine. Threating to take ov er both Iraq and Syria, killing and beheading both their own and American/BritishRead MoreThe World Capital Of Terrorism1092 Words   |  5 PagesCRW-3 28.11.16 Terrorism in Iraq Did you know that in 2014 ISIS controlled more than 34,000 square miles in the middle east? ISIS is a terrorist group that is in Iraq. Iraq is the number one country with the most terrorist groups. ISIS is the number one terrorist group in the Iraq. Malala Yousafzai was shot by a terrorist group from Iraq. 4,000 ISIS members are in Iraq alone. Terrorism in Iraq is a big problem. ISIS is the number one terrorist group in all of Iraq. The Global Terrorism Index hasRead MoreThe Rise Of The Islamic State1707 Words   |  7 PagesISIS The rise of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) or also sometimes known as the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) is an extremist Islamic militant group that has based themselves from around North Syria to the Central part of Iraq. ISIS is has been run by Abu Bakr al Baghdadi since May 2010 and has terrified people from all around the world with their extreme use of violence to get what they want. The group originally began in 2004 with the name Al Qaeda in Iraq, and then two yearsRead MoreThe Management Of Islamic State Under The Caliphate Rules And Dogma1599 Words   |  7 Pageswith network of different objectives. The ISIL end state in â€Å"golden ring† is the establishment of Islamic State under the Caliphate rules and dogma. The key objectives are to be able to control and defense the territory, with possibility to influence, recruit and indoctrinate the young Muslim foreign fighters from the â€Å"golden ring†. In same time to marginalized the à ¢â‚¬Å"silver ring† and challenge the security and stability in the region around Syria, Iraq and North Africa. Finally, to spread the fear andRead MoreThe Savagery Of The Islamic State1502 Words   |  7 PagesBefore analyzing the savagery of the Islamic State, it is imperative to distinguish their beliefs from those of practical Muslims. ISIS is a Sunni jihadist (extremist) group-their ideology is reminiscent of the old-school views of the Muslim Brotherhood, and many of their principles are the same embraced by Al-Qaeda. In adopting extreme anti-Western interpretations of Islam, its adherents promote religious violence to oust â€Å"infidels† or â€Å"apostates† who threaten ‘their’ faith. Although these â€Å"disciples†Read MoreIran And Its Judicial System1646 Words   |  7 PagesA Better Understanding to Syria and Its Judicial System Introduction As early as 1516, Syria has been known to be ruled under Ottoman Turks Empire for well over several centuries. In 1916 Arabs and British military collaborated together and rebelled against Turkish rules. This allowed independence over the Turks for Arab countries and ending 400 years of supreme political power of the Ottoman Empire. After many years of restructuring Syria economics, social, and political fields, they combined

Centura Health Overview Free Essays

Centura Health is considered Colorado’s largest healthcare organization, inclusive of a 12-hospital system. The company’s mission includes celebrating the value inherent in each individuals life and working collaboratively to â€Å"lift the burdens of others† by offering comprehensive and loving care to all customers and patients served by Centura (Centura, 2005). The mission statement of the organization is to â€Å"extend the healing ministry of Christ my caring for those who are ill and nurturing the health of people in our communities† (Centura, 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Centura Health Overview or any similar topic only for you Order Now The vision includes fulfilling the organizations covenant that guarantees excellence and integrity of service, creating partnerships with community members and patients for life (Centura, 2005). The organization has identified multiple core values which include: integrity, stewardship, spirituality, imagination, respect, excellence and compassion† (Centura, 2005). Current Centura operates as a non-profit agency and structures key decision making using what they refer to as a â€Å"Values Impact Analysis† (Centura, 2005). This tool helps organizational representatives weight the costs to benefits of selected decisions as applied to the organizations core values. The process adopted by the organization is considered â€Å"dynamic and rigorous† with the intent of enabling â€Å"conscientious decisions respectful of stakeholders needs† but also in line with the values and needs of patients (Centura, 2005). The organizational model includes a hierarchical system with the following: President/CEO, Executive Vice President and COO, Sr. Vice President, CFO, Chief Medical Officer and supporting management staff (Centura, 2005). Key to the governance model includes collaboration with other medical providers and health agencies throughout the state of Colorado. The decision making model adopted by Centura involves use of the Values Impact Analysis process that helps key management staff make decisions that are not only fiscally sound but also reflect the organizations core values and perspectives of patients that may be impacted by decisions. The organization makes use of an on site Mission and Ministry whose role includes providing â€Å"reflections, a prayer chain† and various other resources for employees and associates of the organization (Centura, 2005). In addition the organization utilizes a SHARE program that resembles a rewards and recognition program to highlight outstanding achievements among employees, customers and co-workers (Centura, 2005). Centura has also adopted a collaborative environment where communication is promoted through a â€Å"Mastery Development Plan† (Centura, 2005). This plan provides team members within the organization a method of facilitating personal and professional development and communication by providing training for technical and support staff and providing communications training to all staff to encourage greater collaboration and community connections among employees (Centura, 2005). Centura has also adopted quality improvement measures focusing on patient populations, physician and clinician teams to help promote â€Å"excellence in care† (Centura, 2005). The organization to this effect has created what they refer to as a â€Å"Quality, Safety and Outcomes Management department† whose sole role includes supporting a solid communications infrastructure and commitment to quality improvement (Centura, 2005). Centura’s approach to quality involves defining ‘value directed’ services and providing value directed management to customers both internal and external. This is a solid approach to instilling quality within the organization. Arogyaswamy Simmons (1993) point to the important of using value-directed management approaches to ensure the best possible service to customers. Further the authors suggest that organizations must approach total quality and empowerment of staff through articulated measures to achieve â€Å"stronger market positions† by establishing â€Å"an unquenchable thirst for improvement† (Arogyaswamy Simmons, 3). Ways to do this include through integration and shared vision (Lambert, Hylander Sandoval, 2003). Barusch, Merkman Maramaldi (2005) note that within the health care organization standardized measures are necessary to ensure control and power are properly delegated and that quality is ensured in all patient interactions and outcomes. Care benchmarks, satisfaction tools and quality assessors currently adopted by Centura fall in line with recent studies suggesting that routine attention to performance measurement via various standardized methods help improve organizational efficiency and continuous improvement (Holzer Julnes, 2001). Further risk management is best assessed by gathering quality data from standardized reporting systems that provide detailed summaries of the industry, characteristics of service and help regulate distribution of services and procedures within the healthcare organization (Blankmeyer, Knox Stutzman, 2001). Centura uses multiple benchmarks to currently reap information regarding quality and service protocols, including the Values Impact Analysis and the Master Development Plan. The values impact survey acts as a standardized reporting system providing mangers and staff with detailed cues regarding employee and organizational performance. The Master Development Plan serves as a tool that can enhance performance management and train various staff members including nursing staff members to achieve their highest potential within the organization. Key issues a nursing staff coordinator may address within this organizational context is whether incumbents are consistently reporting on their progress and achievements using the values impact analysis and master development program. These programs do offer detailed information regarding potential areas of weakness and improvement within the organization. At present the strongest elements of Centura’s organizational structure include its commitment to shared knowledge and communication among staff members. Additionally the organization is committed to empowering employees to excel in their job functions and dedicated to continuous training. The organization may benefit from an overhaul of the performance measurement protocols adopted for individual employees. Most organizations fall short of identifying to as great an extent possible the level of staff satisfaction with performance measurement protocols. Turnover within the organization at present is relatively low suggesting that employees are however receiving the feedback they need to excel on the job. At this point in time when problem areas are identified using the quality assessment tools in place management turns to focused committees to resolve issues. The organization would benefit by involving more primary care nurses and other direct staff involved in decision making processes that involve improving quality improvement. Because Centura is a hierarchical organization, most decisions are made from the top down. Recent studies suggest however that continuous quality improvement and risk management efforts are enhanced significantly when organizations adopt a flat approach to knowledge management and quality improvement. This means that employees at all levels of the organization must be empowered to help make decisions and share information regarding continuous improvement measures. One way to adopt this philosophy at Centura may be to establish various committees designed to help solve specific problems within their scope of expertise or knowledge. Overall Centura Health provides a superb foundation for providing quality care and direction for staff and the patients and community it serves. The organization is committed to quality improvements, knowledge sharing and partnerships within the community to reduce any risk associated with delivering care and to improve its knowledge sharing ability within the community. At present the organization has adopted various standardized instruments, which consistently provide accurate measurements of quality benchmarks within the organization. The top down management approach may be the sole factor limiting consistent knowledge sharing and hence risk management reduction or continuous improvement within the organization. How to cite Centura Health Overview, Essay examples

Tess Fatalism Essay Example For Students

Tess Fatalism Essay Tess FatalismIf written today, Tess of the durbervilles by Thomas Hardy may have been called Just Call Me Job or Tess: Victim of Fate. Throughout this often bleak novel, the reader is forced by Tesss circumstance to sympathize with the heroine (for lack of a better term) as life deals her blow after horrifying blow. One of the reasons that the reader is able to do so may be the fatalistic approach Hardy has taken with the life of the main character. Hardy writes Tess as a victim of Fate. This allows the reader to not blame her for the things that happen around her. Much of the critical debate surrounding Tess centers around this very point: Is Tess a victim? Are the things that happen to Tess beyond her control or could she have fought her way out of her circumstances? Better yet, could Hardy have written her out of her troubles or did his fatalistic approach to the novel force him to ultimately sacrifice poor Tess? Further, Is Hardys approach to the novel and its main character tru ly fatalistic? In this essay, I will explore these questions and the doctrine of Fatalism as it applies to Tess. Fatalism is defined in Websters Dictionary as the doctrine that all things take place by inevitable necessity (175). Fatalism is the idea that all actions are controlled by Fate, a primitive force that exists independent of human wills and outside of the controls of power of a supreme being such as God because God ultimately has no power; he is a creation of man who granted Him His power. Since He doesnt truly possess those powers, he is left without the ability to alter circumstances. In short, if one subscribes to this doctrine, you believe that Fate controls how things happen and God can do nothing to save you, even Tess. Overall, Tess seems to go through life experiencing one negative event after another. Fateful incidents, overheard conversations and undelivered letters work against her ability to control the path her life takes. Tesss future seems locked up from the beginning of the novel. As the story opens, we first meet her father and learn of Tesss ancestry: Durbeyfieldare the lineal representative of the ancient and knightly family of the dUrbervillesthat renowned knight who came from Normandyif knighthood were hereditary, like a baronetcyJohn would be Sir John (4). Somehow the reader knows almost immediately that this knowledge isnt necessarily going to save the poor clan, especially once we learn of the Fate of Tesss ancestors: Where do we dUrbervilles live? asks Sir John to the parson who responds, You dont live anywhere. You are extinct (5). If one believes in the concept of natural selection, they probably realize rather quickly that this isnt the best family from which to descend. Tess seems to sense her doomed state. This is evidenced in her identification with the dUrberville clan. Examples of this are her ability to see or hear the dUrberville Coach and her realization of her resemblance to the dUrberville woman of the farmhouse at Wellbridge: Tesss fine features were unquestionably traceable in these exaggerated forms (277). These eerie events suggest that the fated dUrberville blood undoubtedly flows through her veins. Another example of Tesss awareness of being ill fated is when she meets Alec. Tess laments about her fate: Had she perceived this meetings import she might have asked why she was doomed to be seen and converted that day by the wrong man, and not by some other man, the right and desired one in all respects (75). She may not have known what to call it, but she definitely applies the doctrine of Fatalism to herself which according to author Leonard Doob is a telltale sign of a person who feels fated: When the principal is judging himself in this case, herself and believes that fate is affecting him, his perception is usually direct: he introspects, thinks, or meditates. But he may respond indirectly when someone else, an observer,, gives him information about himselfFatalism by a principal, th erefore, is a pessimistic inevitability doctrine applied by him about himself to himself (7). If Tess didnt start life feeling as though Fate was working against her, there are plenty of incidents which could easily convince her: the death of the family horse because of her negligence, the letter of confession that slipped beneath the carpet and caused her to enter into marriage as a deception, the death of her father, and the return of Angel just too late. Incident after incident seem to point to only one thing: Tess was not meant to have a happy existence. So does Tess believe that God can save her? Throughout the novel, we see Tess moving away from God. She is appalled by the evangelical sign-painter warning of damnation and tells him that his teachings are horriblecursingkilling refusing to believe that God said such things (97). Later, realizing that God cant help her, Tess prays to Angel confessing her new religion in a letter: It has been so much my religion ever since we wer e married to be faithful to you in every thought and look (127). Even Angel seems aware that God wont save Tess, thinking as he left, But, might some say, where was Tesss guardian angel? Where was the providence of her simple faith? Perhaps, like that other god of whom the ironical Tishbite spoke, he was talking, or he was pursuing, or he was in a journey, or he was sleeping and not to be awaked (..93). Other characters seem to buy into the idea of Fate as well. At the dairy, Angel chooses Tess over the other dairymaids who love Angel as much as she does, but the dairymaids cant be mad at Tess because it is Fate which has made the choice: Are you sure you dont dislike me for it? said Tess in a low voiceI dont knowI dont know, murmured Retty Priddle. I want to hate ee; but I cannot! Thats how I feel, echoed Izz and Marian (12). Now we turn to the question of whether or not Hardy could have saved Tess or if he believed that Fate had determined his choices. There were chances throughou t the novel for Hardy to give Tess a break and throw her a bone. He chose not to do so. Critic Arnold Kettle see this decision as a necessity: Tesss death is artistically as inevitable as JulietsShe is up against a social situation that she can do nothing to resolve except tragically, with drastic human loss (23). It seems that if Hardy was to have been true to his art, he had no choice but to kill poor Tess. It would be an error in criticism, however, to claim without a doubt that Fate is the key player in Tesss demise. In fact, It is actually rather easy to argue the other side of the coin. Hardys fatalism is extremely flawed. When in a pinch, he often relies on coincidence to further beat Tess down: Alec showing up to save Tess after the party; his reappearance as preacher; the letter slipping under the carpet; Angel slugging a man that turns up later as Tesss boss. One could argue that this is all a bit too convenient. Critic Dorothy Van Ghent seems to agree saying, We have all read or heard criticism of Hardy for his excessive reliance upon coincidence in the management of his narrativeshe appears to be too much the puppeteer working wires or strings to make events conform to his pessimistic and fatalistic ideas (56). Hardy ultimately plays God in a novel where God is missing and throws negative circumstances in places where they may not have been without his manipulation. But you still have to admit, on the whole, our poor Tess still seems quite fated. So is Tess and ultimately Hardy responsible for the things that happen to our heroine or is there something larger working against her? Critic Leon Waldoff writes that It seems impossible to read the novel with a complete disregard of the idea that Tess is somehow responsible for her fateThe narration is everywhere buttressed by words such as doomed, destined, and fated. But the critical linking is never made and one remains uncertain about why Tesss fate is inevitable (135). That moment of doubt and the u nresolved question is where the argument of Fatalism in Tess gains its momentum. One point that I feel must be made. Some argue, including my fellow classmates, that it was destiny that bring Alec and Tess together. I would argue that it is not destiny but Fate. Often used as a synonym for destiny, Fate differs slightly but significantly from the idea of destiny. Author Leonard Doob explains in his book, Inevitability, the difference between the concepts: fate is associated with doom, which usually has the same negative connotationthere can be no hesitation that the principal with a fatal disease will gave a negative experienceDestiny, on the other hand, frequentlyagain by no means alwayssuggests good fortune and is herewith assigned an association with positive effect (7). I think we can all agree that Tess suffers from a deficiency of good fortune so it must be Fate, not destiny, that continues to deal her a losing hand. There will most likely never be agreement on Tesss and Hardy s ability to change the outcome of the novel. Not ever really burying his flaws very deeply, Hardy seems to challenge the notion that the flaws were necessary and lend themselves to the books readability. Critic Dorothy Van Ghent supports this idea writing that Hardy has, with great cunning, reinforced the necessity of the folk fatalism, and folk magicTheir philosophy and their skills in livingare indestructible, their attitudes toward events authoritatively urge a similar fatalism upon the reader, impelling him to an imaginative acceptance of the doomrwrought series of accidents in the foreground of action (57). It appears that Hardy intentionally left doubt as to Tesss playing into Fate or if she is playing against it. But that is why the novel still grabs the reader like a good soap opera. Hardy, through his Fatalistic approach, invokes sympathy and concern for poor Tess that keeps the reader turning each page in breathless anticipation for whats next. Debate as we will, it can n ot be denied that Hardy wrote a truly gripping novel. Bibliography Doob, Leonard. Inevitability: Determinism, Fatalism, and Destiny. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988. Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the dUrbervilles. New York: MacMillan, 1991. Kettle, Arnold. Introduction to Tess of the dUrbervilles. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Tess of the dUrbervilles. Ed. Albert LaValley, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969. 14-29. Van Ghent, Dorothy. On Tess of the dUrbervilles. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Tess of the dUrbervilles. Ed. Albert LaValley, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969. 48-61. Waldoff, Leon. Psychological Determinism in Tess of the dUrbervilles. Critical Approaches to the Fiction of Thomas Hardy. Ed. Dale Kramer, London: MacMillan Press, 1979. 135-154. .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6 , .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6 .postImageUrl , .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6 , .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6:hover , .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6:visited , .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6:active { border:0!important; } .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6:active , .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6 .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf8b4372e07c3114e73862c33d3bc17b6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on Hotel Dreamland Business Proposal Essay We will write a custom essay on Tess Fatalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Europe - national identity essays

Europe - national identity essays If we consider nations as `imagined communities, what role did the concepts of race, gender, and class play in crafting national identity from the mid-nineteenth century through the beginnings of the twentieth century? How did these same concepts also serve to undermine a sense of national identity and unity? Race, class and gender give certainty to the idea of nations as imagined communities. Nations are imaginings of a general populace and yet they have a profound effect on the way that the people who have imagined them live out their lives. People in a nation are incredibly different and yet because of their belonging to this imaginary community, they are believed to be the same. In this sense, a nation can be seen as a creation that requires consciousness, because this notion of community must be larger than any individual could experience directly. It is this understanding of nations that gives significance to factors such as race, class and gender. It are these factors which serve to contribute to the idea of shared qualities between people within the imagined boarders of a nation. Furthermore, as race, class and gender create shared national identities within the imagined boundary of a nation, they also result in narrowing views of who is a true member of that nation. The concept of a true member of a nation is closely related to the growing notion of superiority within a nation and the development of social hierarchies. These modes of othering are examples of how people in a culture tend to draw boundaries between themselves and others. Of most importance to the development of national identities is the use of enlightenment sciences to give proof to national history and roots. These sciences, which originally gave clarity to gender and race, created national identities, which were thought to be relatively homogeneous communities with shared characteristics...

What to do when your boss is stealing your ideas

What to do when your boss is stealing your ideas There are lots of potentially difficult situations that arise in most workplaces- anything from annoying coworkers, to incompetent people on a project team, to having to work twice as hard in an effort to pick up the slack for a lazy, underperforming colleague who always seems to wiggle out of trouble. But the truth is, one of the most challenging professional situations to have to deal with is a scheming and self-serving boss who is constantly stealing your ideas or taking credit for your work, leaving you in the dust with nothing to show for your efforts and accomplishments. Hopefully this doesn’t sound familiar or hit too close to home for you- but if it does, we know how difficult it can be. The last thing any of us want to do is put ourselves into an adversarial situation with our bosses, so there’s a real impulse not to say or do anything about it- which can quietly â€Å"signal† your boss that you’re okay with their bad behavior or at the very least not going to rock the boat for them, which means the theft may continue (or get worse).It’s important to do  something  when your boss is stealing your ideas. But how can you handle the situation delicately enough so that you don’t make things unbearable for yourself, yet firmly and decisively enough to send a clear message that you’re not willing to put up with this?If you or someone you know is struggling with this reality, there is hope, and a way forward. Entrepreneur published an article  that highlights strategies for dealing with a boss who takes credit for your ideas. Use the following to help guide you through the potential hazards and pitfalls of the tough spot you’re in and hopefully make it through unscathed.Step 1: Evaluate the situationWhen you first start getting the feeling that your boss is taking credit for your ideas, your first step is not to unleash the fury on the powers that be in an effort at vengeance or retribution. Take a step back to get some valuable perspective and evaluate the situation. Is your boss really stealing your ideas or just aggregating and presenting the work for the team that reports to her or him? Are you absolutely certain that you’re not getting credit for your work? Just because you may not receive instant adulation for your ideas does not mean that your efforts are going unnoticed. Perhaps your boss is not the overly effusive sort, but nonetheless is appreciative of your contributions and is giving credit where it’s due in a subtle way, or is simply waiting for your next review period to give you your well-deserved rewards? Bottom line- make sure you know for sure that your boss is stealing your ideas before taking things any further.Step 2: Get a second opinion/witness.Okay, so you’re fairly certain that your boss is indeed taking credit for your work- what should you do next? The next best step is to get a second opinion in an effort to have a witness to t he situation in your corner. Why is this so important? Because without a witness, unless you have absolutely irrefutable evidence it’s basically your word vs. your boss’s, and in this scenario the boss often wins. Don’t put yourself in that scenario- instead, choose a credible and reliable witness, preferably someone with a little clout at your workplace, and help your case by having that person in your corner. It could make all the difference if you decide to take things further.Step 3: Document your case.A strong, impassioned story and credible witness will go a long way towards supporting your claim of idea theft, but nothing beats a solid â€Å"paper trail.† Wherever feasible, have some ironclad evidence that documents the onerous events- everything from emails to recorded instances of theft and proof that the ideas were indeed yours to begin with will all serve to substantiate your claim. Nothing is more disheartening than making a bold claim of thef t that you’re unable to prove and it ultimately goes nowhere. Not only will your work situation not improve, it will likely become even more uncomfortable for you there.Step 4: Communicate with your boss.No, we’re not suggesting you kick open their office door and yell at them at the top of your lungs in an effort to get them to admit their wrongdoing. Instead, we’re saying that there may be a more peaceful and professional way to reach a satisfying conclusion. If you politely discuss the situation with your boss, they may be able to capably explain why you’re mistaken about what has transpired. Or maybe they’ll realize they’ve failed to properly give you the credit you’re due are willing to make amends. Often, the path of least resistance is the best one to take first. Hopefully your boss is reasonable enough to deal with, provided your approach is free from hostility and you’re open to reasonable and equitable compromise.If y ou think your boss might be profiting from your ideas without sharing the credit, don’t just do nothing- but don’t do anything rash, either. Take a breath, assess the situation, and make your way through the measured and professional steps mentioned here to come to a resolution that gives you the credit you deserve.

Copleys Governor and Mrs. Thomas Mifflin and Watson and the Shark Essay

Copleys Governor and Mrs. Thomas Mifflin and Watson and the Shark - Essay Example The essay "Copley’s Governor and Mrs. Thomas Mifflin and Watson and the Shark" analyzes paintings of John Singleton Copley, Governor and Mrs. Thomas Mifflin and Watson and the Shark. Copley represents Mifflin’s role in this debate with a form of commemoration for the subject’s position as the first Pennsylvania governor after the liberation of the colonies. Copley’s 1778 portrait â€Å"Watson and the Shark† also has symbols alluding to aspects of the American Revolution through its highly expressive style. Plainly, viewers can say Copley wanted to commemorate a dramatic event wherein Brook Watson lost his foot (Pinder 186). However, a deeper meaning is an implicit allusion to the War of Independence. More specifically, the painting shows colonists as brave men as they physically struggle against a killer shark, another symbolic allusion to the British. The 1773 painting symbolically reveals Mr. Mifflin’s political beliefs. Mifflin was a trade r against taxes imposed on British commodities. Among the American Revolution’s key objectives was to resist paying duties imposed on commodities from England and encouraging other colonists to follow suit. At the same time, Mrs. Mifflin conveys a clear message about the political atmosphere in America during the revolution. Mrs. Mifflin has a unique attractive fringe that shows her intention to boycott English commodities and rather create her own. Sarah Mifflin uses her right hand and a loom held in place by a blue ribbon to lace the threads.

Happy Endings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Happy Endings - Essay Example attempts to summarize all the possibilities about the affair between two couples: John-Mary and Fred-Madge in a number of six differently outlined simple plots with common endings that â€Å"John and Mary die. John and Mary die. John and Mary die.† (Atwood, â€Å"Happy Endings†) Such simplistic summarization obviously provides Atwood with more legibility to comment on the portrayal of male-female relationship in Atwood’s contemporary fictions or literatures. Atwood’s emphasis on John and Mary’s death hitches her readers down to earth and to reality obviously. It is the reality, in which John (generalization of husband) and Mary (generalization of wife) love each other; sometimes they betray each other. When women like Mary dies lovelorn, other women like Madge revels in love and vice versa. It is the very reality in which some Johns (husbands) love their wives fabulously; some other Johns seduce women for sex. Somewhere else, other Johns swindle their wives. Atwood suggests that the plots in traditional literary works are either these or those: â€Å"Thats about all that can be said for plots, which anyway are just one thing after another, a what and a what and a what.† (Atwood, â€Å"Happy Endings†) But according to Atwood, what is wrong with this â€Å"a what and a what and a what† type of plot is that it does not provide the readers with much scope to ask a question, â€Å"Why and how?† (Atwo od, â€Å"Happy Endings†) Therefore Atwood’s narrator in the story â€Å"Happy Endings† ultimately comes up with the suggestion to interpret how and why the caricatured plots in her story are different though the endings are the same. Indeed Atwood’s suggestion to â€Å"try how and why?† provides her story with extra feminist dimension. Notably in the story, Option A continues to be happy from the beginning to the end. But some characters in other options are not always happy, though they are happy at the end of the story. It is noteworthy to interpret why and how John

Humanity Exposed in Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essays

Humanity Exposed in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn People are the picture of contrast, sometimes strong and heroic and other times weak and lamentable. In the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain illustrates both the good and the disagreeable portions of human nature. The good side of humanity is shown through his depiction of peoples' courage. The irrationality of mankind is exposed through the actions of characters in the novel. The unproductive self-serving attitude of many people is also shown in Huck Finn. The benign and malevolent faces of humankind are shown through people's courageousness, senselessness, and selfishness. Mark Twain displays good in humanity through depictions of courage in the characters of Huck Finn and Jim. Huck Finn was certainly one of the bravest characters in the book to have faced all of his adventures. When he and Jim happened upon a crashed steamboat, "The Walter Scott", and discovered a ruthless band of cutthroats, Huck had the courage to try and stop them. Huck said, "But if we [Huck and Jim] find their boat we can put all of 'em [the cutthroats] in a bad fix-for the Sheriff 'll get 'em" (Twain 90). Huck had the fearlessness to risk his own life to bring several murderous criminals to justice. The character Huckleberry Finn displayed the human virtue of heroism when he decided to free Jim from the clutches of the Phelps family. Although he thought it would cost him his soul, Huck had the courage to follow his heart in freeing Jim as summed up by his thought, "All right, then, I'll go to hell"(Twain 273). Twains other main character besides Huck Finn is a runawa y slave. This slave, Jim, exemplified true courage. When Jim decided t... ..., I reckon we'd come to consider him our [King and Duke's] nigger; yes, we did consider him so-goodness knows we had trouble enough for him"(Twain 275), shows that they will not help any one without getting something in return, and that they did not view Jim as a person to respect. In the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain illustrates several traits that are common in mankind. Among these traits are those that are listed in this essay. Through characters in the story Twain shows humanity's innate courageousness. He demonstrates that individuals many times lack the ability to reason well. Also, Twain displays the selfishness pervasive in society. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, many aspects of the human race are depicted, and it is for this reason that this story has been, and will remain, a classic for the ages. Humanity Exposed in Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essays Humanity Exposed in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn People are the picture of contrast, sometimes strong and heroic and other times weak and lamentable. In the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain illustrates both the good and the disagreeable portions of human nature. The good side of humanity is shown through his depiction of peoples' courage. The irrationality of mankind is exposed through the actions of characters in the novel. The unproductive self-serving attitude of many people is also shown in Huck Finn. The benign and malevolent faces of humankind are shown through people's courageousness, senselessness, and selfishness. Mark Twain displays good in humanity through depictions of courage in the characters of Huck Finn and Jim. Huck Finn was certainly one of the bravest characters in the book to have faced all of his adventures. When he and Jim happened upon a crashed steamboat, "The Walter Scott", and discovered a ruthless band of cutthroats, Huck had the courage to try and stop them. Huck said, "But if we [Huck and Jim] find their boat we can put all of 'em [the cutthroats] in a bad fix-for the Sheriff 'll get 'em" (Twain 90). Huck had the fearlessness to risk his own life to bring several murderous criminals to justice. The character Huckleberry Finn displayed the human virtue of heroism when he decided to free Jim from the clutches of the Phelps family. Although he thought it would cost him his soul, Huck had the courage to follow his heart in freeing Jim as summed up by his thought, "All right, then, I'll go to hell"(Twain 273). Twains other main character besides Huck Finn is a runawa y slave. This slave, Jim, exemplified true courage. When Jim decided t... ..., I reckon we'd come to consider him our [King and Duke's] nigger; yes, we did consider him so-goodness knows we had trouble enough for him"(Twain 275), shows that they will not help any one without getting something in return, and that they did not view Jim as a person to respect. In the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain illustrates several traits that are common in mankind. Among these traits are those that are listed in this essay. Through characters in the story Twain shows humanity's innate courageousness. He demonstrates that individuals many times lack the ability to reason well. Also, Twain displays the selfishness pervasive in society. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, many aspects of the human race are depicted, and it is for this reason that this story has been, and will remain, a classic for the ages.

Financial Statements: A Step-by-Step Guide to Understanding and Creating Financial Reports Essay

Investment Appraisal Introduction Question 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An investment appraisal is a planning process that is utilized in determining the preparedness of a business to undertake a long term investments such as expansion, developing a new project, acquiring new machinery among others (Les Dlabay, 2007). This is a complex process that requires the analysis of sources of finance, their implications, budgeting and financial statements. Sources of finance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Coca-cola which is the world leading non-alcoholic beverage company marketing their products in over 200 countries worldwide have the god foundation of assets, shares, short term liabilities, long-term loans and goodwill as its source of finance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The assets of the company form the major source of its finances accounting for $ 57,751 million in 2013 and $ 55,849 million in 2012 (The Coca-Cola Company, 2013). These include tangible and non-tangible assets such as property, plants, equipment, equity method investments and goodwill. This can be summarized as shown in the table below. ASSETS (In millions) 2013 $ 2012 $ Equity method investments 10,393 9,216 Investment in bottling companies 1,119 1,232 Other Assets 4,661 3,585 Property, Plant and Equipment 14,967 14,476 Trademarks with indefinite lives 6,744 6,527 Bottles franchise rights with indefinite life 6,415 7,408 Goodwill 12,312 12,255 Other intangible assets 1,140 1,150 TOTAL ASSETS 57,751 55,849   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Long term and short term liabilities are another source of finance for the company. The company’s total long term liabilities in the year 2013 were $ 90,055 million and $ 86,174 million in 2012 (The Coca-Cola Company, 2013). Their long term external sources of finance include debts, deferred income taxes and the company’s share owners as contained in the table below. LONG TERM LIABILITIES (In millions) 2013 $ 2012 $ Long term debts 19,154 14,736 Other liabilities 3,498 5,468 Deferred income taxes 6,152 4,981 TOTAL ASSETS LONG TERM LIABILITIES 90,055 86,174   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Important company activities that generate profits that are ploughed back to the business as a source of finance include investments and new ventures. These are proceeds from the investments, acquisition of other businesses, equity method investments, non-marketable securities, purchase and sale of property, plants and equipment and their associated proceeds. In 2013, the company realized a total of $ 10, 414 from the investment and operating activities as per their 2013 annual report.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Internal short term sources of finance for the company are the current assets of cash and cash-equivalents such as marketable securities, inventories, current assets held for sale and the proceeds from the short term investment. Their balance sheet as at December 31, 2013 shows a total of $ 17, 121 million current assets. Implications of the sources   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However much the company had good financial sources in its assets, liabilities and shares, each of the sources may impact negatively or positively to the business. The straight forward implication of liabilities especially loans is the interest rates and the obligation to repay them in good time. Failure to settle the debts and loans may lead to imposition of fines and penalization. The creditors may go to the extent of stopping to supply the company with goods and services on credit and demand for cash on delivery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Use of shareholding as a source of finance for the company may also have its own positive and negative implications. Shareholders are like investors in the business and therefore they must be paid their returns as dividends (Fardon, 2003). This might be very difficult in cases where the company makes losses. Sometimes, especially in a scenario where there are no strict policies on the maximum percentage share that a shareholder can buy, the ownership of the company may be transferred to a shareholder that buys majority of the Company shares. Question 2 Importance of financial planning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finance is the driving force for a company like Coca-cola. After its financial sources have been identified, accurate financial planning is necessary for its success. Financial planning is the foundation from which all successful businesses are built. Running on a clear financial plan ensures that a company is well prepared to meet its anticipated expenses in terms of payroll, transport, communication any other day to day business operation expenses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The plan is important when the company is at the extremes of either profit making or suffering losses. It provides a stepping stone in which the company can forge a way forward and plan for the future while at the same time handle the present. A good financial plan finds it usefulness when a company is preparing to deal with rising costs and increasing current and long term liabilities. It allows for these conditions to be anticipated early enough so as deal with them when they arise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Additionally, a financial plan is a critical tool in the organization of the various departments within the company. A well prepared and revised financial plan that considers every quarter of the company is of valuable contribution to the smooth running of the company as a whole. Lastly, an estimate of earnings can be done through a financial plan. Lack of these estimates sets a trap that the company might fall in due embezzlement of funds and misappropriations. A financial plan is very effective in making investments and profits into diversified portfolios within the company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The process of making decisions requires the company directors to be provided with the necessary information. These include financial reports that contain details of business transactions, profits, losses, expenses, revenues, assets and liabilities. This allows for comparison of business performance in the previous financial year. The departmental estimates of expenditures and their estimated sources of revenue are also part of this information.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The factors that may affect the choices of decisions makers during financial planning are the number and wages of employees, available cash at hand and cash required to pay suppliers on time and to buy current assets such as equipment and stationeries. The possibility of expanding the business is also considered when such decisions are made (M. P. Narayanan, 2004). Appropriateness of the sources of finance for a business project   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to manage the financial sources and make appropriate decisions, it is important that the directors analyze the costs of the sources, for example, the cost to be incurred to obtain the finance such as fees payable to the financial institutions, commissions and interests, stock brokers among others. In the Coca-Cola Company where the major sources are the fixed assets, liabilities, ploughed back profits, profits from investments and current assets, the appropriateness of the sources depend on the ability of the finances to run a business investment. Bank loans are the major long term source of finance for many companies. This source is very appropriate for Coca-Cola Company. The repayment is spread over a long period of time. The company is financially stable and can easily afford the required securities to acquire a loan. Although the interest rates may be higher making the process expensive, the merits outweigh the demerits and th e risk is worth taking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Coca-cola is a limited company and therefore the use of stock shares as a source of finance is appropriate. The finances are not repaid although the profit is shared among the shareholders as dividends. The capacity of this company to make profit is unquestionable. The risk of change in company ownership due to sale of major shares can be regulated by business policies that restrict such sales. Moreover, sale of assets such as the current assets to raise capital is appropriate for this company. The surplus assets can be sold off and the proceeds retained to run the business. There is little, if any, risk associated with sale of surplus assets. Impact of finance and financial statements   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finance and financial statements have positive and negative effects to the business depending on the financial position of the company. Financial statements form the basis from which shareholders and potential investors evaluate the performance of the business. The statements also regulate accountability in the running of the business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The financial position of the business is portrayed in the financial statements. It used by the company to acquire loans from banks. Financial statements that directly indicate instability of a business have a negative impact to the business by blocking potential investors, creditors and banks. Finance and financial statements have a direct effect on business transactions. It gives detailed information about the lag phases and peaks of a business. Such details include fluctuations in prices in comparison to competitors in the market (Ittelson, 2009). If, for example, Coca-Cola Company increased the prices of their beverages by 1%, their immediate competitor Pepsi may have an upper hand in the market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A balance sheet gives information on the resources that the business has against its liabilities and the capacity of the business to settle its debts. Cash flow statements are important in informing the public about the money entering and leaving the business. All of these can negatively or positively influence the customers, suppliers, creditors and potential investors. Financial statements have a direct impact on the stock price. The information in the statements can be used by business managers to either increase or decrease the price of products. Main financial statements   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In designing investment options and identifying their appropriateness, it is important to prepare financial statements. These statements have different formats depending on the size and type of the business. The statements are; balance sheets, cash flow statements and income statements. A balance sheet is a financial statement that reports a company’s assets, liabilities and stock holders’ equity in a given financial period. Current assets, fixed assets and investments are balanced against liabilities and stock holders’ equity. A balance sheet for Coca-Cola Company as at 31st December, 2013 is as follows (The Coca-Cola Company, 2013). THE COCA-COLA COMPANY CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST DECEMBER, 2013. ASSETTS(In Millions) Currentassets $ Cash and cash equivalents10,414 Short term investments 6,707 Total cash, cash equivalents and short term investment17,121 Marketable securities3,147 Trade accounts receivable less allowances of $ 614,873 Inventories3,277 Prepaid expenses and other assets2,886 Total current assets31,304 Fixed assets Equity method investments10,393 Other investments principally bottling companies1,119 Other assets4,661 Property, plant and equipment –net14,927 Trademarks with indefinite lives6,744 Goodwill12,312 Other intangible assets1,140 TOTAL ASSETS90,055 LIABILITIES AND EQUITY(In Millions) Current liabilities $ Accounts payable and accrued expenses9,577 Loans and notes payable16,901 Current maturities of long term debt1,024 Accrued income taxes 309 Total current liabilities27,811 Long term debts19,154 Other long term liabilities 3,498 Shareholders’ equity –total33,440 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY90.055   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The balance sheet is similar regardless of the size and type of the business. Its format does not change. Cash flow statements are prepared to assess the company’s earnings and expenses. The quality of the earnings is determined by comparing the cash flow from operating activities with the company’s net income (R, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Income statements are financial documents that show the sources of income in a business organization. Coca-cola Company had the following statement of comprehensive income as at December 31, 2013. THE COCA-COLA COMPANY CONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME AS AT 31ST DECEMBER, 2013. $ (In Millions) CONSOLIDATED NET INCOME8,626 OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Net foreign currency translation adjustment(1,187) Net gain (loss) available for sale of securities (80) Net gain (loss) on derivatives 151 Net change in pension and other benefit liabilities1,066 TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME8,576 Less comprehensive income loss attributed to interests 39 TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ATTRIBUTED TO SHAREHOLDERS OF THE COMPANY8,537 Note: Figures in brackets indicate losses or reductions Interpretation of the financial statements   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Financial statements are usually prepared and interpreted towards the end of a financial year to give information about the business financial stability. The above financial statements can be interpreted by using appropriate financial ratios to help compare them with the performance during the previous financial year or with another company. These ratios derived from a balance sheet are working capital, current ratio, Quick ratio (Pamela Peterson Drake, 2012).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Financial statements provide rich information to investors and suppliers. This information are used to evaluate the performance of the company. The statements are also used as a communication tool by managers to interested parties about their achievement in the management of the company. There are different financial statements as discussed above that give unique business information on the company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Financial conditions of a company are the major detail and a point of concern for several potential investors. Investors are the major capital providers. They rely on the information contained in the balance sheet, income statements and cash flow statements for their safety and certainty regarding a potential investment into a company. It enables the investors to understand their position in the company’s capital regimen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The balance sheet is considered the snap shot of a company’s assets in comparison to liabilities and shareholders’ equity. This is considered the operating result of the company. These results are also an area of concern to investors. Income statement gives a report of operating results. This includes the sales, expenses and profit or losses in a given financial year. This information is critical in the evaluation of the company’s past performances and to predict the future of the business. Profits or losses are usually provided by the income statement but this may contain non cash-equivalent or non-cash parameters. The information is not direct as to the company’s cash transaction during the financial year. This leaves room for cash flow statements to give the details. It contains information about the cash that get into the business and those that leave the business thereby showing an exchange of cash. Shareho lders’ equity shows the variations in the various equity components. This is usually calculated by deducting total liabilities from the total assets of the company. A company with a good performance like Coca-Cola has a steady increase in its shareholders’ equity. This is associated with either a decreasing or constant shareholders base.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Working capital is calculated by deducting current liabilities from the current assets. The working capital for Coca-Cola Company for the year ended December 31, 2013 can be calculated as follows. Working Capital (in millions) =Current assets – Current liabilities. = $ 31,304- $ 27,811 = $3,493   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The working capital for Coca-Cola Company is a positive figure of $ 3,493 million indicating that the company is at a better position to meet its current obligations such as paying workers, paying brokers, servicing short term loans among others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Current ratio is calculated by dividing the current assets by the current liabilities. It is related to the working capital. Another ratio is Quick ratio. It is also known as acid test ratio and is calculated as follows; Quick ratio = Cash + Temporary investment + Accounts receivable Current liabilities   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Quick ratio is similar to the current ratio only that inventories, supplies and prepaid expenses are excluded. It is used to determine the amount of assets that can be turned quickly into cash.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Free or Discounted cash flow is a financial ratio that is derived from the cash flow statement. Free cash flow is calculated by deducting capital expenditures from total cash flow provided by operating activities (Fardon, 2003). Free cash flow for Coca-cola as at December 31, 2013 is calculated as shown. Free cash flow = Cash flow provided by the operating business – Capital expenditures. =10,542 – (14,782+2,550+303) = -7,093   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This statistically indicates that the company is at a deficit of $ 7, 093 million after paying its capital expenditures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The income statement can be analyzed to give gross margin, profit margin, Return on Stoke holders’ equity and earnings per share. Return on Stoke holders’ equity is important in revealing the percentage profit after taxation and therefore the dividends payable to shareholders. Return on stock holders’ equity for Coca-Cola Company as at December 31, 2013 is calculated as shown. Return on Stockholders’ equity = Net income after taxes Average shareholders’ equity = 8,622 8537 =1.01%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This reveals that the company earned 1.01% of profit after taxation on an average shareholders balance during the year. Suitable budget and appropriate decisions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most significant form of planning a capital investment budget is to make appropriate decisions and market well. Budgeting is the foundation of financial economics. Making decisions that have importance long term effects is the basis of budgeting. In budgeting, policies are maximized so as to achieve the most positive net profit and returns. Making decisions should be principally governed by benefit analysis. The budgeting process is also governed by the future consequences and impact to the business   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every financial source has an implication to the business. Financial statements help provide such implications and can be used in selecting a suitable budget. A company may decide to sell its shares after analyzing its effectiveness in raising capital for a new business venture (Pamela P. Peterson, 2004). The process of deciding on a proper capital investment for the expansion of Coca-Cola Company involves calculating the cost of investment, protection of cash flow from the investment, consideration of the inflation rates and the time value of the expansion. For example, if the investment will cost $ 10 million and generates $ 4 million annually, the investment is feasible because it provides a pay back within 2.5 years. A budget can therefore be prepared from this basis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An example of a suitable budget proposed for The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) for the Fiscal year 2012 is as follows (SEPTA, 2011) . FISCAL YEAR 2012 CAPITAL BUDGET Project FY 2012 Funding Requirement Bus Purchase Program $59,209,593 Capital Asset Lease Program 28,720,862 Congestion Relief 2,233,000 Debt Service 52,654,545 Infrastructure Safety Renewal Program 34,400,000 Paratransit Vehicle Acquisition 5,000,000 Regional Rail Signal System Modernization 35,800,000 Safety and Security Improvements 5,000,000 State of Good Repair Initiatives 15,200,000 Station Accessibility 4,800,000 Station and Parking Improvements Program 10,400,000 System Improvements Program 5,000,000 Vehicle Overhaul Program 53,100,000 TOTAL FY 2012 Capital Budge$311,518,000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marketing decisions are dependent on capital budgeting. The decisions to be made on long term investments are dependent on the income that will be generated from the project. It is important to know the duration that the project will take to mature. That is, the time it will take to generate income equivalent to the amount invested in the business. Modern finance theories equate the value of the assets to the discounted future income generation. The net profit value rule is therefore used by companies that contemplate venturing unto capital project if they adopt this theory. Assessing project viability   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The financial viability of a project is assessed using the investment appraisal techniques. This involves the use of tools such as Return on Investment (ROI), Debts Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR), Break Even Point (BEP) and Debt Equity Ratio (DER).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Return on Investment, the collections of the company are used to create assets and in the running of the business. The business must generate surplus on the collected capital for it to be considered viable. Borrowed and own capital is considered the cost of the project while the profits are the surplus generated. ROI should be greater than the cost of the investment for the business to be considered viable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) measures the ability of the project to meet its repayment obligations on loans acquired financial institutions (Pamela P. Peterson, 2004). It is calculated as follows. DSCR= Net profit + Interest on long term loans + Depreciation Interest on long term loan + Principal loan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cumulative DSCR during the repayment period should be at least 2:1 for the project to be considered viable. Break Even Point (BEP) measures the level of total contribution to the total fixed assets. Contribution is usually the excess of sales over the variable cost. That is; Contribution = Sales – Variable Costs. PEP is the point where both fixed and variable costs are recovered from the resources. It is calculated using the formula; Total fixed costÃâ€" selling price per unit Contribution per unit cost   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It indicates the risks involved in the business. If the PEP is achieved at a lower level of capacity utilization, it is considered safer. In this case, the investment is viable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Debt Equity Ratio measures the level at which the investment project is leveraged to acquire loans from financial institutions. It is calculated by the formula; Total long term debts Total funds in the investment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The factors to be considered when assessing the viability of a project are the nature of the goods and services to be offered. Their level of complexity should be determined and the risks involved as well. The value of the procurement is another factor of concern. It involves the determination of the amount of capital that the procurement can cost. The financial viability assessment matrix group risks speculated into several levels. The low risk level contains low levels of complexity, low value and short term supplies. The moderate risk level contains moderate value, sensitivity and medium term supply. The high risk level contains high strategic importance to agency, high complexity levels and sensitivity. When assessing the risks, the likelihood of a financial feasibility should not be ruled out while making budgeting decisions. References Fardon, C. D. (2003). Management of Finance. New york: Osborne Books. Ittelson, T. R. (2009). Financial Statements: A Step-by-Step Guide to Understanding and Creating Financial Reports. New York: Career Press, Incorporated. Les Dlabay, J. B. (2007). Business Finance. Stamford: Cengage Learning. M. P. Narayanan, V. K. (2004). Finance for Strategic Decision-Making: What Non-Financial Managers Need to Know. New Jersy: John Wiley & Sons. Pamela P. Peterson, F. J. (2004). Capital Budgeting: Theory and Practice. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Pamela Peterson Drake, F. J. (2012). Analysis of Financial Statements. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. R, D. J. (2003). Accounting for Non-Accounting Learners. New York: Pitman. SEPTA. (2011, Aril). The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority. Retrieved April 2014, from Finance: http://www.septa.org/reports/pdf/budget-proposal-cb12.pdf The Coca-Cola Company. (2013, December). The Coca-Cola Journey. Retrieved April 2014, from Annual Financial Report: http://www.coca-colacompany.com/our-company/company-reports Source document

Software Technology On Student Learning - 1520 Words

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